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Ya-Online-Juegos.com | Finance – How the Great GDP Hoax is Stealing Your Wealth
By plrprousers | May 1, 2010
Juegos You hear the finance gurus on television often refer to the GDP as an indicator of how the economy is doing. It is a number used by investors. It refers to the “Gross Domestic Product”. Economists are talking about any recovery of the economy in terms of jobs, consumer spending, and our exports. All this time it is how and where we are spending money. The real indication of how the economy is doing is in what we produce that we can export, how much we spend and invest, and what we sell as opposed to what we buy. This is what is what makes up the gross domestic product.
TrabajarThe cartelized oligopolistic structure limited competition, guaranteed franchise value and reduced likelihood of failure. This was partly due to international stability achieved by the Bretton Woods arrangements. This reduced the need for financial supervision. So over the years banking supervision did not play the central role in the central bank’s activities, due to the structure that reduced the need for regulation and allowed self-regulation. In the United States the Federal Reserve became the major player in regulation and supervision only after enactment of Bank Holding Company act in 1956 that assigned central bank supervisory function over BHCs.
Oligopolistic structure reduced competition, efficiency and innovation. The protected and regulated financial system was abolished under the conditions of increased international competition, technological innovation, drive for efficient, improved services for customers and return of liberal, market based ideology. Instability and failures became frequent and led to greater involvement of central banks in supervisory activities. Moreover, this also led to the blurring of the previously clear boundaries between different types of financial intermediation. Universal banking became more popular and commonplace. Banking mixed with insurance, bank assurance, and undertook fund management. Eventually, this meant that the attempt to supervise separately by function would end up with multiple supervisors involved with the same institution.
Trabajo Empleo If you recognize that any component of the GDP that grows significantly, and drives the growth of that number, is simply another “bubble” you will see the growth is fake. There is no momentum in the growth and the aberration will eventually correct itself. You can also see that when the government encourages one of the components of this calculation, they are trying to manipulate an indicator. That is why they encourage consumer spending, despite the growth in debt it creates. It is why they believe government spending will create growth. You would think they would encourage business investment, and to some extent they do, but when Americans are deep in debt, it is harder to get them to invest than it is to spend. As far as our exports are concerned, the continued decline of the value of the dollar due to both the government’s skyrocketing debt and consumer debt, that number will continue to be a drag on GDP. The government will continue to attempt to compensate by encouraging spending of all kinds to prop up a weak number. The only way to get these numbers growing legitimately, in a way that we can have confidence in it is to pay down our debts and start producing more products and services we can competitively export. These are two things we are having significant difficulty doing.
An even more serious problem would arise out of how to set the boundaries between those sub-sets of depositors/institutions which would be covered by the deposit insurance, the lender of last resort (LOLR) facilities, etc., and those not so covered. The central bank would be unwilling to extend its operational remit to dealing with financial markets and institutions where issues related to systemic stability are limited and customer protection of much greater importance.
One more proposal was delegating supervisory responsibilities to multiple agencies outside the central bank. This option requires full and free exchange of information among multiple agencies at national and international level. Within the European Community, legislation has imposed a duty on these authorities to cooperate, however implementation of this may be more difficult. This model also requires the harmonization of capital standards. This would imply that the risks incurred would be subject to the same standards irrespective of the unit of the corporate organization they are incurred.
An obvious problem with the model is allocation of responsibilities between different supervisors. Traditionally, countries have organized their prudential framework along institutional lines. This has generally been on a tripartite basis (banks, securities firms, insurance companies), except in countries such as Germany and Switzerland which have universal banking systems, where securities business is generally regarded as the banking business. So it is difficult to allocate it under the specific supervisor.
One alternative proposal was to divide the structure of supervision into two purposes: systemic stability (prudential supervision) and customer protection (conduct of business supervision). This was the Twin Peaks proposal, advocated in the UK primarily in the work of Michael Taylor (1995 and 1996). The supervisory body charged with customer protection would naturally take the lead in some areas, markets and institutions. Contrary to this, the body charged with responsibility for systemic stability would take the lead in dealing with the payments system, and with certain aspects of banking and, perhaps, other financial markets. In practice, however, to a large extent a ‘systemic stability’ regulator and a ‘customer protection’ regulator most probably would implement the regulation of a bank in exactly the same way, so there would be considerable duplication and overlap. Dealing with two supervisors would also raise the cost of supervised entities. The Twin Peaks concept has, so far, not found favor in practice, though, the US system has evolved in a way that approximates it, with the Federal Reserve coming close to a systemic stability (prudential) supervisor, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) undertaking the conduct of business role.
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